why Cobalt and lithium is used in lithium batteries

Cobalt and lithium are essential components in lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries!

Lithium

• Lithium is the primary component of Li-ion batteries, and the name "lithium-ion" comes from its role in the battery.
• It is used in the anode (negative electrode) of the battery. During charging, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode (positive electrode) through the electrolyte, and during discharging, they move from the cathode back to the anode.
• Lithium is chosen for its lightweight nature, high electrochemical potential, and ability to store a significant amount of energy in a small volume. These properties make it an ideal choice for portable electronic devices like smartphones and laptops.

Cobalt

• Cobalt is commonly used in the cathode (positive electrode) of many Li-ion batteries, especially in consumer electronics.
• Cobalt-based cathodes are known for their high energy density and excellent performance, allowing devices to operate for longer periods between charges.
• One of the most widely used cobalt compounds in Li-ion batteries is lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂). It offers good stability and energy density.
• However, the use of cobalt in Li-ion batteries has raised environmental and ethical concerns due to the limited availability of cobalt, as well as concerns related to mining practices and worker conditions.

It's important to note that while cobalt-based cathodes have been common in Li-ion batteries, there is ongoing research and development to reduce or eliminate cobalt from battery chemistries. Newer battery technologies, such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) and lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄), have emerged as alternatives with less reliance on cobalt. These alternative chemistries are considered safer and more sustainable, although they may have slightly lower energy densities.