Notable discoveries in each century starting from 16th century

Here are some major discoveries in the fields of physics, chemistry, and mathematics for each century starting from the 16th century up to the present day

BCE (Before Common Era)

• Euclid (circa 300 BCE): Often referred to as the "Father of Geometry," Euclid's work "Elements" is one of the most influential mathematical texts in history.
• Archimedes (287-212 BCE): Known for his contributions to geometry, calculus, and mechanics, Archimedes made profound discoveries in mathematics and physics.

16th Century (1501-1600)

• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543): Proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system.
• Tycho Brahe (1546-1601): Made precise astronomical observations and recorded planetary positions.
• Johannes Kepler (1571-1630): Discovered Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, describing the orbits of planets.

17th Century (1601-1700)

• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Conducted experiments on falling objects and developed the telescope.
• Isaac Newton (1643-1727): Formulated the laws of motion, law of universal gravitation, and calculus.

18th Century (1701-1800)

• Joseph Priestley (1733-1804): Discovered several gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794): Developed the modern theory of chemical elements and conservation of mass.
• Coulomb's law was discovered in 1785!
• Leonhard Euler (1707-1783): Euler was a prolific mathematician who made significant contributions to number theory, graph theory, and mathematical analysis.

19th Century (1801-1900)

• Michael Faraday (1791-1867): Discovered electromagnetic induction and laws of electrolysis.
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879): Formulated Maxwell's equations, unifying electricity and magnetism.
• Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894): Pioneered the study of thermodynamics and energy conservation.
• Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855): Often called the "Prince of Mathematicians," Gauss made key contributions to number theory, algebra, and statistics.
• The first computer was invented by Charles Babbage in 1822.
• Alessandro Volta discovered current in 1800.
• In 1860, Étienne Lenoir created first internal combustion engine. First modern internal combustion engine, known as the Otto engine, was created in 1876 by Nicolaus Otto.
• In 1867, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of high frequency waves. In 1887 Heinrich Hertz proved this by producing radio waves.
• Alexander Graham Bell won the first U.S. patent for the telephone device in 1876.
• Thomas Edison created first light bulb in 1879.
• Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi developed the first radio transmitters and receivers around 1894–1895 which won him 1909 Nobel Prize in physics!
• Electrons were discovered by JJ Thomson in 1897.
• In the 1890s Tesla invented alternating currents, electric oscillators, meters and the high-voltage transformer known as the Tesla coil!

20th Century (1901-2000)

• Albert Einstein (1879-1955): Proposed the theory of relativity (special and general) and explained the photoelectric effect.
• Quantum Mechanics: Developed by multiple scientists, it described the behavior of particles on the atomic and subatomic scale.
• Niels Bohr (1885-1962): Formulated the Bohr model of the atom and contributed to quantum theory.
• Stephen Hawking (1942-2018): Made significant contributions to the study of black holes.
• Wilbur and Orville Wright created first airplane in 1903.
• A proton was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1917.
• Philo Taylor Farnsworth created first TV in 1927
• James Chadwick (1891-1974) discovered neutrons in 1932.
• ENIAC was the first electronic general-purpose digital computer invented in 1945
• First Atomic Bomb was tested on July 16, 1945 By the USA!
• Alan Turing (1912-1954): Turing is considered one of the founders of computer science and artificial intelligence. His work on breaking the Enigma code during World War II was crucial.
• In 1947, physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Laboratories invented the first point-contact transistor, which was a solid-state device that could amplify electrical signals. This breakthrough opened the door to solid-state electronics.
• The U.S.S.R. first tested a hydrogen bomb on August 12, 1953!
• On 4 October, 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) into space.
• Commander Neil Armstrong(First Human to step on moon) and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin landed on moon via Apollo 11 (July 16–24, 1969).

21st Century (2001-Present)

• Peter Higgs (1929-present): Proposed the existence of the Higgs boson, which was confirmed in 2012.
• Gravitational Waves: The detection of gravitational waves, predicted by Einstein, marked a major breakthrough.
• Andrew Wiles (1953-present): Proved Fermat's Last Theorem in 1994, a centuries-old problem.

These discoveries have shaped our understanding of the physical world and continue to influence scientific research and technological advancements in the 21st century.