difference between Tensile stress, shearing stress, and hydraulic stress

Tensile stress, shearing stress, and hydraulic stress are all related to the way forces are applied to materials and structures, but they manifest differently based on the direction and nature of the applied force. Let's explore the differences between them:

Tensile Stress

• Direction of Force: Tensile stress results from a force applied in a direction that tends to stretch or elongate a material.
• Example: If you pull a rubber band from both ends, you are subjecting it to tensile stress.
• Effect: It causes the material to deform by increasing its length. Tensile stress is calculated by dividing the force applied (tensile force) by the cross-sectional area of the material.

Shearing Stress

• Direction of Force: Shearing stress results from a force applied parallel to the surface of a material in a way that one part of the material slides relative to an adjacent part.
• Example: When you use scissors to cut a piece of paper, you're applying shearing stress to the paper.
• Effect: It causes a deformation in the material, where the material's layers or particles slide past each other. Shearing stress is calculated by dividing the force applied (shearing force) by the cross-sectional area of the material.

Hydraulic Stress

• Direction of Force: Hydraulic stress is associated with the pressure exerted by a fluid, typically a liquid like hydraulic oil, within a confined space.
• Example: In a hydraulic jack, when you pump hydraulic fluid into a small chamber, it exerts pressure on a piston, allowing the jack to lift heavy objects.
• Effect: The pressure is transmitted equally in all directions within the fluid, including the walls of the chamber. This results in a force applied over an area. Hydraulic stress is calculated by dividing the force or pressure applied by the cross-sectional area through which it acts.